• Multinational Enterprise (MNE) and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) research converge on a unified theory that combines the eclectic paradigm, internalization, and governance, bridging economics and management [2], [7], [8], [12], [13].

• Internationalization is treated as a learning-driven, staged process in which firms accumulate knowledge and gradually increase foreign market commitments, highlighting adaptive entry patterns [3], [9], [15].

• Competitive dynamics in global industries shape strategic choices of MNEs through oligopolistic reactions, global competition, and strategic management across borders [4], [10], [14], [19], [20].

• Empirical and theoretical analysis of investment and production patterns shows how MNEs’ location decisions respond to industrial structure and macroeconomics, reinforcing FDI theory and practice [5], [13], [18].